Sixth Star Technologies Reviews for Complaint Removal - Video Dailymotion

Sixth Star Technologies Reviews for Complaint Removal - Video Dailymotion

URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND PREGNANCY

•   Urinary tract infections (UTIs) often complicate pregnancy. Precise definitions of UTIs are important. 
•   A UTI is defined as “the establishment and multiplication of micro-organisms within the urinary tract,” whereas bacteriuria is the detection of bacteria in a voided urine specimen. 
•   Significant bacteriuria is defined as greater than 1 × 106 of the same organism per milliliter of urine.
•   Bacteriuria in pregnancy is often asymptomatic.
•   Cystitis is defined as a symptomatic significant bacteriuria with associated bladder mucosal inflammation, 
•   Whereas pyelonephritis is defined as symptomatic significant bacteriuria with associated inflammation of the renal parenchyma, calices, and pelvis.
•   Previous work has established a 5% to 10% prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in pregnancy and the association of ASB with the development of symptomatic infections, including pyelonephritis. 
•   Twenty-five percent to thirty percent of cases of ASB in pregnancy will progress to symptomatic infection. 
•   This progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic infection with pregnancy is three to fourfold the progression rate in non pregnant females. 
•   Pyelonephritis has been associated with maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Obstetric complications such as preterm labor and low birth weight have been associated with bacteriuria. 
•   The purpose of this article is to help the physician understand the physiologic changes of the urinary tract associated with pregnancy and the significance of bacteriuria. 
•   Topics discussed include the screening mechanisms available for bacteriuria in pregnancy and the range of UTIs associated with pregnancy and their treatments
•   Urinary tract infection is one of the most frequently seen ‘medical’ complications in pregnancy. 
•   The pioneering work of Edward Kass discovered that 6% of pregnant women had asymptomatic bacteriuria associated with increased prematurity and perinatal mortality compared to women with sterile urine. 
•   Screening for bacteriuria in pregnancy has become routine. Other factors such as vaginal colonization have been recognized as important contributors to preterm labour. 
•   The value of screening for bacteriuria has to be re-addressed considering methods, significance and costs. Treatment of urinary tract infection in pregnancy is critically reviewed.
•   Although pregnancy does not increase the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteruria in women, it does enhance the progression rate from asymptomatic to symptomatic disease.
•   Symptoms of cystitis include dysuria, hematuria, urinary frequency, urgency or suprapubic discomfort. 
•   Fever, chills, abdominal pain, flank pain and vomiting are features of pyelonephritis.
•   Direct microscopy of the urinary sediment for white cells (pyuria), red cells (haematuria), bacteria (bacteruria) and white cells casts is useful to make a diagnosis. 
•   The urine culture is a sensitive means of detecting asymptomatic bacteruria and provided antibiotic sensitivity.
•   Treatment in the first trimester is complicated by concerns of possible teratogenicity of drugs. 
•   Amozycillin, Ampicillin, Amoxycillin with clavunate potassium, cephalosporins are drugs that can be used as first-line therapy in pregnancy.